Running Linux commands in the background while keeping them active even after disconnecting from an SSH session is crucial for long-running processes. Without proper handling, an interrupted connection can terminate important tasks, causing delays and data loss.
nohup
nohup (no hang-up) allows a command to continue running after logout. It is installed by default on most Linux distributions and mainly used for running scripts or commands that need to persist after logout.
Examples
nohup myscript.sh & - Runs a script in the background, output saved to nohup.out.
nohup python3 script.py & - Runs a Python script persistently.
nohup bash -c 'long_running_command' & - Executes a long-running command safely.
Bring the command back to foreground
Use ps aux | grep myscript.sh to find the process ID.
Attach to the process using fg %<job_number> if it was a background job.
Summarize
nohup is simple and effective for keeping processes running after logout but lacks session management.
Screen
screen is a terminal multiplexer allowing session persistence, however unlike nohup is not installed by default on all distributions. Install using:
sudo apt install screen (Debian/Ubuntu)
sudo yum install screen (RHEL/CentOS).
Ideal for managing multiple terminal sessions and long-running processes.
Examples
screen -S mysession - Starts a named screen session.
Inside screen: mycommand - Runs a command inside the session. The command could be a script as well. It will create an instance inside the screen's terminal, which is run on the machine.
Detach: Ctrl + A, then D - Detaches the session.
Bring the command back to foreground
List sessions with screen -ls.
Reattach with screen -r mysession - "mysession" is a session name you have named.
Summarize
screen is powerful for session persistence and interactive processes but lacks modern enhancements.
tmux
tmux is a modern alternative to screen, offering better usability and scripting capabilities. Is not always installed. To install it run:
sudo apt install tmux (Debian/Ubuntu)
sudo yum install tmux (RHEL/CentOS).
Used for managing multiple terminal sessions and improving workflow efficiency.
Examples
tmux - Starts a new session.
Inside tmux: mycommand - Runs a command or a script.
Detach with Ctrl + B, then D.
Bring the command back to foreground
List sessions with tmux list-sessions.
Reattach with tmux attach-session -t 0 (replace 0 with session ID).
Summarize
tmux offers session persistence, improved usability over screen, and powerful scripting features.
disown
disown removes jobs from the shell’s job table to prevent termination on logout. Comes preinstalled in most Linux distributions as part of Bash. Best for keeping background jobs alive without additional tools.
Examples
mycommand & - Start a process in the background.
jobs - List background jobs.
disown -h %1 - Keep job 1 running after logout.
Bring the command back to foreground
Find the process ID with ps aux | grep mycommand.
Use kill -CONT <PID> to resume a stopped process.
Summarize
disown is simple and effective for keeping jobs alive but lacks advanced management features.
systemd
systemd is a system and service manager used for persistent and restartable services. Preinstalled on most modern Linux distributions and is ideal for managing long-running services and background tasks.
Examples
1. Create a service file: /etc/systemd/system/myscript.service
2. Add:
[Unit]
Description=My Persistent Script
[Service]
ExecStart=/path/to/myscript.sh
Restart=always
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
3. Enable and start: systemctl enable myscript && systemctl start myscript. Myscript is your script's name.
Bring the command back to foreground
Check status with systemctl status myscript
View logs with journalctl -u myscript -f
Summarize
systemd is the best choice for persistent and restartable services, offering robustness but requiring configuration.